Deep Processing of Corn Grain
Deep processing of corn grain using wet milling technology in Ukraine has significant potential and provides opportunities to produce a wide range of products.
Examples of deep-processed grain products include citric acid, glucose monohydrate, fuel ethanol (bioethanol), biomethane, crystalline glucose, amino acids, glucose-fructose syrups (HFS-42, HFS-55), lactic acid, yeast extract, and others. In addition, various co-products and by-products are generated during processing, which may also have significant value and can be used in different industries.
Starch, which is the primary product of this technology, is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and other industrial sectors.
Co-products and by-products generated during wet milling can be utilized across various industries. For example, protein concentrates can be used in the feed industry for the production of animal feed. By-products such as corn hulls can be used in bioenergy for the production of biofuels or biogas. In addition, these by-products can serve as raw materials for the production of biochemicals and biopolymers.
Corn grain consists of the hull, endosperm, and germ. Each component has its own chemical composition and specific processing characteristics. For example, on average, the corn germ accounts for approximately 10% of the weight of the corn grain. Its average chemical composition is approximately 32–37% oil, 18% protein, 8% starch, 10% sugars, and 10% minerals. More than 80% of the fat contained in corn grain, approximately 20% of its proteins, and around 74% of its minerals are concentrated in the corn germ.
Schematic Structure of a Corn Grain
The average material balance for corn processing into bioethanol is as follows:
Corn Processing into Bioethanol
This scheme can also be supplemented with corn germ oil, corn gluten, and gluten feed, similar to the corn processing option for citric acid.
Corn Processing into Citric Acid
When processing 1 tonne of corn with a starch content of 61%, it is possible to obtain:
- 470 kg of glucose monohydrate
- 900 kg of sorbitol syrup (70% concentration)
- 870 kg of fructose syrup (55% concentration)
- 460 kg of citric acid
- 570 kg of lysine sulfate
The application of wet milling technology can also contribute to the development of agriculture in Ukraine. Increased corn production for this technology could stimulate an expansion of corn cultivation areas and increase farmers’ incomes. In addition, it could help diversify the agricultural sector and reduce dependence on other crops.
Overall, the prospects for wet milling technology in Ukraine include expanding the range of corn-based products, utilising co-products and by-products across various industries, supporting agricultural development, and diversifying the agricultural sector.
