{"id":1679,"date":"2026-08-14T11:34:05","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T08:34:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ac-group.in.ua\/?p=1679"},"modified":"2026-08-14T12:56:03","modified_gmt":"2026-08-14T09:56:03","slug":"%d0%be%d1%87%d0%b8%d1%89%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8f-%d0%b1%d1%96%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b0%d0%b7%d1%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ac-group.in.ua\/en\/blog\/%d0%be%d1%87%d0%b8%d1%89%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8f-%d0%b1%d1%96%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b0%d0%b7%d1%83\/","title":{"rendered":"Biogas Purification"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"855\">Biogas is a multi-component gas produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass (organic waste, energy crops, livestock waste, and industrial waste) under the influence of bacteria. Biogas typically contains methane (CH\u2084 \u2013 50\u201370%), carbon dioxide (CO\u2082 \u2013 30\u201345%), hydrogen sulfide (H\u2082S \u2013 10\u201330,000 mg\/m\u00b3), water (H\u2082O \u2013 0\u201310%), nitrogen (N\u2082 \u2013 0.01\u20135%), hydrogen (H\u2082 \u2013 0\u20131%), ammonia (NH\u2083 \u2013 0.01\u20132.5 mg\/m\u00b3), and oxygen (O\u2082 \u2013 0.01\u20132%). The presence of these impurities significantly reduces the quality of biogas as a fuel, causing corrosion of welds and potentially leading to negative consequences during its use, including electricity and heat generation, technological transportation of biogas, and upgrading to biomethane. Therefore, removing impurities from biogas is essential for the reliable operation of equipment and its long-term service life.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"857\" data-end=\"915\"><strong data-start=\"857\" data-end=\"915\">Removal of Condensate and Hydrogen Sulfide from Biogas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1245\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The required level of biogas purification depends on its intended application: combustion for electricity generation (generation and cogeneration, together with heat production), heat generation (in boilers equipped with special burners), upgrading to biomethane (injection into the gas grid), or production of biofuel (bioLNG).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ac-group.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0-2-1.png\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-section-id=\"i7gu16\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"48\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"4\" data-end=\"48\">Biogas Purification Standards Before Use<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"50\" data-end=\"432\">For example, when biogas is used for heat generation in gas-fired boilers (such as DKVr, KE, etc.), the restrictions generally apply only to the H\u2082S concentration (no more than 100\u2013500 ppm). There is no need to remove excess moisture or carbon dioxide in this case. When biogas is used in cooking stoves, higher purification requirements apply, particularly for H\u2082S and CO\u2082 removal.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"677\">When biogas is combusted in gas piston engines (Jenbacher and Caterpillar cogeneration units), there are specific requirements for H\u2082S content (typically no more than 200 ppm), as well as for excessive moisture. Condensation must be prevented.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"679\" data-end=\"1095\">The most stringent requirements for biogas purification apply when it is injected into the natural gas grid or used directly as a vehicle fuel. In this case, biogas must be upgraded to natural gas quality, i.e. biomethane, with a CH\u2084 content of more than 97% and an O\u2082 content of less than 1%. For each specific case, the applicable technical requirements must be obtained from the relevant gas distribution company.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1097\" data-end=\"1471\">The first step in biogas purification is <strong data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1160\">cooling and drying<\/strong>, i.e. removing water. The presence of H\u2082O is highly undesirable and can lead to rapid wear of gas utilization equipment, corrosion of pipelines (which is also affected by the presence of hydrogen sulfide), and corrosion or malfunction of shut-off and control equipment, including valves, taps, and gate valves.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1473\" data-end=\"1686\">Biogas leaving the digester or a municipal solid waste landfill typically has a relative humidity of 100%. The amount of water vapor it contains depends on the temperature and is approximately <strong data-start=\"1666\" data-end=\"1685\">40 g\/m\u00b3 at 35\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1756\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The next step is to <strong data-start=\"1708\" data-end=\"1755\">remove excess condensate and dry the biogas<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ac-group.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0-1.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"16\"><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"16\">CONDENSATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"18\" data-end=\"579\">The biogas produced, which has a high moisture content, is cooled on the surfaces of heat exchangers and gas pipelines. The resulting condensate is collected and separated at the lowest point of the gas pipeline slope. In this process, a sufficiently long gas pipeline and a low temperature are crucial factors. When constructing biogas plants, <strong data-start=\"363\" data-end=\"375\">AC-GROUP<\/strong> uses integrated gas cooling equipment for biogas cooling. If the biogas is compressed before cooling, even more water can be removed, as the condensation temperature of the biogas can be lowered further.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"581\" data-end=\"1063\">Once the biogas has been dried and excess moisture removed, it must be purified from hydrogen sulfide (H\u2082S). Even in small concentrations, hydrogen sulfide is hazardous to human health: it can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, including causing coughing. It also leads to rapid wear and corrosion damage to generators, gas-water heat exchangers, and shut-off and control equipment. Therefore, <strong data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1063\">H\u2082S removal is the highest priority in the biogas purification process.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1114\"><strong data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1114\">There are several methods of desulfurization:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1433\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1bhm00c\" data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1176\">Biological desulfurization inside the digester (internal);<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"h5f9vn\" data-start=\"1177\" data-end=\"1228\">Catalytic desulfurization using activated carbon;<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"qyg6db\" data-start=\"1229\" data-end=\"1290\">Biological desulfurization outside the digester (external);<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1gk0yj9\" data-start=\"1291\" data-end=\"1339\">Desulfurization through sulfide precipitation;<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"951stm\" data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1378\">Desulfurization using iron chelates;<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"iyn9hl\" data-start=\"1379\" data-end=\"1433\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Desulfurization using iron-based purification media.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"52\"><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"52\">CATALYTIC DESULFURIZATION USING ACTIVATED CARBON<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"54\" data-end=\"388\">According to our process engineers, the most effective method for removing sulfur from biogas is the use of specially treated granular activated carbon. This technology is applied at biogas plants with low to medium hydrogen sulfide concentrations (up to 500 ppm), depending on the type of organic material used for biogas production.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"453\">This technology uses <strong data-start=\"411\" data-end=\"452\">impregnated or doped activated carbon<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"510\"><strong data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"510\">Technical Specifications of the Carbon Filter Media<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"859\">This technology is primarily intended for <strong data-start=\"554\" data-end=\"664\">final desulfurization after biological hydrogen sulfide removal and before pressure swing adsorption (PSA)<\/strong>. Higher H\u2082S concentrations in biogas result in faster saturation of the activated carbon. For this reason, the technology is generally not economically viable when treating large amounts of H\u2082S.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"861\" data-end=\"1145\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">As a rule, the activated carbon is replaced every <strong data-start=\"911\" data-end=\"924\">2\u20134 years<\/strong> and disposed of by thermal treatment. Therefore, <strong data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"1066\">AC-GROUP specialists recommend using this purification method for low H\u2082S concentrations<\/strong>, with the equipment configuration and piping arrangement adjusted accordingly.<\/p>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"34\"><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"34\">Biogas Upgrading to Biomethane<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"36\" data-end=\"263\">The main target component removed during the upgrading of biogas to biomethane quality is <strong data-start=\"126\" data-end=\"159\">carbon dioxide (CO\u2082 \u2013 30\u201345%)<\/strong>. The technology used for CO\u2082 removal is a key factor in the overall purification and upgrading process.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"265\" data-end=\"515\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Additional purification stages include the <strong data-start=\"308\" data-end=\"356\">pre-removal or final polishing of impurities<\/strong>, primarily H\u2082S, VOCs, and moisture. Due to its physical properties, carbon dioxide affects the <strong data-start=\"452\" data-end=\"504\">calorific value, density, and heat of combustion<\/strong> of biogas.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 91.2712%; height: 274px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.3726%; height: 72px;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\">Gas Type<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.61%; height: 48px;\" colspan=\"8\">Gas Composition, %<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 72px;\" rowspan=\"2\">Gas Density, kg\/Nm\u00b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.4111%; height: 48px;\" colspan=\"2\">Higher Heating Value of Gas \u2013 Q\u1d65\u1d63<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.6611%; height: 48px;\" colspan=\"2\">Wobbe Index \u2013 W\u1d63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 24px;\"><strong>CH4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\"><strong>C2H6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\"><strong>C3H8<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 24px;\"><strong>CnHm<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 24px;\"><strong>CO2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 24px;\"><strong>H2S<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 24px;\"><strong>N2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.73906%; height: 24px;\"><strong>O2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 24px;\">MJ\/Nm\u00b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 24px;\">kWh\/m\u00b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 24px;\">MJ\/Nm\u00b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 24px;\">kWh\/m\u00b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 6.84699%; height: 58px;\" rowspan=\"3\">Natural Gas<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.5256%; height: 24px;\">Min. Quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 24px;\">90,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">0,1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">0,1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 24px;\">0,1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 24px;\">0,01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 24px;\">0,001<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 24px;\">0,01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.73906%; height: 24px;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 24px;\">0,7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 24px;\">36,20&#8230;38.30*<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 24px;\">10,06&#8230;10,64*<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 24px;\">41,28&#8230;47,38*<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 24px;\">11,47&#8230;13,16*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.5256%; height: 10px;\">Max. Quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 10px;\">99,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 10px;\">7,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 10px;\">3,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 10px;\">3,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 10px;\">2,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 10px;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 10px;\">5,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.73906%; height: 10px;\">0,02<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 10px;\">0,2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 10px;\">38,85&#8230;41,10**<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 10px;\">10,80&#8230;11,42**<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 10px;\">48,36&#8230;57,87**<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 10px;\">13,43&#8230;16,08**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.5256%; height: 24px;\">Average Quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 24px;\">96,28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">1,21<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">0,7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 24px;\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 24px;\">0,09<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 24px;\">0,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 24px;\">1,1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.73906%; height: 24px;\">0,009<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 24px;\">0,71<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 24px;\">37,99<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 24px;\">10,55<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 24px;\">49,73<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 24px;\">13,81<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 6.84699%; height: 72px;\" rowspan=\"3\">Biogas<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.5256%; height: 24px;\">Min. Quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 24px;\">45<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 24px;\">55<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.73906%; height: 72px;\" rowspan=\"3\">0,5&#8230;1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 24px;\">1,41<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 24px;\">17,91<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 24px;\">4,98<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.5256%; height: 24px;\">Average Quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 24px;\">55<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 24px;\">45<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 24px;\">1,28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 24px;\">21,89<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 24px;\">6,08<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.5256%; height: 24px;\">Max. Quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 24px;\">65<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 24px;\">35<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 24px;\">1,16<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 24px;\">25,87<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 24px;\">7,19<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 6.84699%; height: 72px;\" rowspan=\"3\">Biomethane<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.5256%; height: 24px;\">Min. Quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 24px;\">95<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 24px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.73906%; height: 72px;\" rowspan=\"3\">0,5&#8230;1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 24px;\">0,78<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 24px;\">37,80<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 24px;\">10,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.5256%; height: 24px;\">Average Quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 24px;\">97<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 24px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 24px;\">0,76<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 24px;\">38,60<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 24px;\">10,72<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.5256%; height: 24px;\">Max. Quality<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 1.67518%; height: 24px;\">98<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.05728%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.61416%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.10263%; height: 24px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3.57995%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.78441%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.3995%; height: 24px;\">0,74<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.78501%; height: 24px;\">39,00<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.62609%; height: 24px;\">10,83<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.9101%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75099%; height: 24px;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\">\n<div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a7ecfe7-9ab8-83ed-93fb-279812da839e-8\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\">\n<section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a7ecfe7-9ab8-83ed-93fb-279812da839e-8\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a7ecfe7-9ab8-83ed-93fb-279812da839e-8\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-20\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-8 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" data-conversation-screenshot-content=\"\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"0\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"d603ce2b-da0b-45dc-bba8-b9d6c459513e\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-6-mini\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full dark markdown-new-styling\">\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"116\"><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"9\">Note:<\/strong><br data-start=\"9\" data-end=\"12\" \/>* \u2013 values for L-gas according to DSTU 13686:2013<br data-start=\"62\" data-end=\"65\" \/>** \u2013 values for H-gas according to DSTU 13686:2013<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"118\" data-end=\"196\"><strong data-start=\"118\" data-end=\"196\">Various technologies can be used to upgrade biogas to natural gas quality:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"198\" data-end=\"406\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1fif3ic\" data-start=\"198\" data-end=\"220\">Membrane separation;<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1d58rk7\" data-start=\"221\" data-end=\"255\">Pressurized wet scrubbing \u2013 DWW;<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1sm5r12\" data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"290\">Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA);<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"m562k4\" data-start=\"291\" data-end=\"336\">Physical absorption using organic solvents;<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"fqg0px\" data-start=\"337\" data-end=\"382\">Chemical absorption using organic solvents;<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"hs1tvz\" data-start=\"383\" data-end=\"406\">Cryogenic separation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"408\" data-end=\"734\">Each technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, let us consider a practical solution implemented in Ukraine by the agricultural holding <strong data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"575\">GalsAgro<\/strong> in the Chernihiv region, namely, biogas upgrading to biomethane using <strong data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"680\">membrane separation technology<\/strong>. In our opinion, this method is simple and effective.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"1089\">The agricultural holding <strong data-start=\"761\" data-end=\"773\">GalsAgro<\/strong> was the first company in Ukraine to produce CH\u2084 biomethane from biogas and inject it into the gas distribution networks in the Chernihiv region. The feedstock used to produce biogas, which is subsequently upgraded to biomethane, consists of energy crops and waste generated by the agricultural holding&#8217;s operations.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1091\" data-end=\"1383\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The biomethane produced makes it possible to continuously supply approximately <strong data-start=\"1170\" data-end=\"1272\">1,500 households with environmentally friendly Ukrainian gas (around 3 million m\u00b3 of gas per year)<\/strong>. The quality of this biomethane is fully comparable to that of natural gas; the only difference is its origin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"23\"><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"23\">Membrane Separation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"25\" data-end=\"176\">Membrane separation is generally divided into two main types: <strong data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"127\">\u201cgas\u2013membrane\u2013gas\u201d (\u201cdry\u201d membranes)<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"132\" data-end=\"175\">\u201cliquid\u2013membrane\u2013gas\u201d (\u201cwet\u201d membranes)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"512\">At the facility in the Chernihiv region, <strong data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"248\">\u201cdry\u201d membrane technology<\/strong> is used. It is based on creating a pressure difference on both sides of the membrane. Gas molecules (CO\u2082 and H\u2082S) pass through the membrane, while CH\u2084 molecules are retained. \u201cDry\u201d membranes operate at either high pressure (&gt;20 bar) or medium pressure (8\u201310 bar).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"514\" data-end=\"698\">In the case of \u201cwet\u201d membranes, absorbents (amines) are used to absorb CO\u2082, which diffuses through the membrane. The process takes place at low pressure, close to atmospheric pressure.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"700\" data-end=\"835\">Before upgrading, the biogas is compressed and dried. After separation, additional purification of the biomethane from H\u2082S is required.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"1168\">Once the biogas has been upgraded to biomethane quality, an <strong data-start=\"897\" data-end=\"908\">odorant<\/strong> is added. An odorant is a substance added to gas to give it a strong, distinctive smell, primarily as a safety measure, allowing gas leaks to be detected. The resulting biomethane can then be injected into the gas grid and used in the same way as natural gas.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1170\" data-end=\"1310\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The equipment for biogas purification and drying that we have used at various facilities has been <strong data-start=\"1268\" data-end=\"1309\">tested and proven at Ukrainian plants<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ac-group.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Carbon-filters-Zhuravka.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ac-group.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"69\"><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"69\">Facilities Where Biogas Purification Equipment Has Been Installed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"71\" data-end=\"351\">The equipment has proven its quality and reliability through successful operation. The equipment used in these systems is supplied from EU countries, including <strong data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"262\">Belgium, Germany, and Italy<\/strong>. All equipment has European quality certification and a high level of energy efficiency.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"353\" data-end=\"674\">The AC GROUP team can select and supply other equivalent equipment for your biogas plant according to your specific requirements. In addition, we have the appropriate technologies for producing biogas from a wide range of feedstocks, including livestock and agricultural waste, energy crops, and industrial waste.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"779\"><strong data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"688\">AC GROUP<\/strong> can assist you with the implementation of a turnkey biogas plant construction project. Invest in biogas today, because with us it is RELIABLE, PROFESSIONAL, and EFFICIENT!<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ac-group.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96-%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80-scaled.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biogas is a multi-component gas produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass (organic waste,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":746,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[114,18,25,115,112,113],"class_list":["post-1679","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-ac-group","tag-18","tag-25","tag-115","tag-112","tag-113"],"acf":{"":"","photo_gallery":{"post_gallery":[[]]}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u041e\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0431\u0456\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0431\u0456\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443 | AC GROUP<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"%%sitename%% 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